#Slotted lin etuner generator#
#Slotted lin etuner series#

Ideally it is used to separate the incident and reflected wave in a transmission line. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER - Samples part of the power travelling through the main waveguide and allows part of its energy to feed to a secondary output port. WAVEMETER - Used to select / measure resonant cavity frequencies by having a plunger move in and out of the cavity thus causes the the cavity to resonate at different frequencies.

#Slotted lin etuner series#

(to prevent reflected energy from reaching the source)ġ7 ATTENUATOR - Control the amount of power level in a fixed amount, variable amount or in a series of fixed steps from the from the microwave source to the wavemeter.

#Slotted lin etuner generator#

MICROWAVE SOURCE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR WAVEMETER DIRECTIONAL COUPLER SLOTTED LINE TUNER TERMINATOR POWER METER VSWR INDICATORġ6 FUNCTION OF EACH BLOCK MICROWAVE SOURCE – generates microwave source in X-band (8 – 12 GHz) e.g klystron, magnetron or TWT ISOLATOR /CIRCULATOR - Allow wave to travel through in one direction while being attenuated in the other direction or it is use to eliminate the unwanted generator frequency pulling (changing the frequency of the generator) due to system mismatch or discontinuity. Network analyzer – multifunctional test equipment.ġ5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INSTRUMENT IN MICROWAVE TESTING.

WAVELENGTH Coaxial and waveguide slotted lines NOISE Noise meters. VSWR Slotted lines ( direct method or double minimum method) POWER Power meters. DISPLAY OF TIME-DOMAIN Sampling oscilloscope. Spectrum analyzer, frequency sweepers and frequency counters. Wavemeter s (absorption, transmission or reaction). Power measurement using low powered Bolometer or Crystal Rectifier.ġ4 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT TYPES OF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENTS FREQUENCY-DOMAIN 3.2.2 Explain the function of each block and the overall measurement process: a. Relationship between VSWR and Reflection Coefficient: VSWR = (1 + | Γ |)/(1 - | Γ |) Γ = (VSWR – 1)/(VSWR + 1)ģ.2.1 Draw the block diagram of instrument in microwave testing. Ratio expressed in decibels SWR (dB) = 20log10VSWR The maximum impedance of the line is given by: Zmax = Vmax/Imin The minimum impedance of the line is given by: Zmin = Vmin/Imax or alternatively: Zmin = Zo/VSWRġ2 VSWR = (1 + | Γ |)/(1 - | Γ |) Γ = (VSWR – 1)/(VSWR + 1) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio: VSWR = Vmax/Vminġ1 SWR (dB) = 20log10VSWR Voltage standing wave The reflection coefficient is also given by : Γ = (ZL - ZO)/(ZL + ZO)Ī standing wave is formed by the addition of incident and reflected waves and has nodal points that remain stationary with time. Γ = Vi/Vr where Vi is incident voltage and vr is reflected voltage. The amount of voltage reflected back is called voltage reflection coefficient. When the resistive load termination is not equal to the characteristic impedance, part of the power is reflected back and the remainder is absorbed by the load. = + - Zo r Vs Zs A: Terminated in Vs Zs Zo B: Short Circuit 1 0 - = + Zo r - Zo Vs Zs 1 = + - R= C: Open Circuit Zo Zo  is the attenuation (loss) factor  is the phase (velocity) factor Propagation delay per unit length (T0) Characteristic Impedance (Z0) Per-unit-length Capacitance (C0) Per-unit-length Inductance (L0) Per-unit-length (Series) Resistance (R0) Per-unit-length (Parallel) Conductance (G0) Ħ Transmission Line Equations Propagation equation Determined by the layout of the conductors, permittivity, loss tangent and thickness of the board material.ĥ General Characteristics of Transmission Line

Determined by the permittivity and thickness of the board material and the area of the conductor. C Capacitive part of the circuit resulting from the layout of the conductors.

L Inductive part of the circuit resulting from the layout of the conductors. Determined by the conductance of the metal, width, height, and length of the conductor. R Resistive loss of the conductor (transmission line trace). The single transmission line shown below can be modeled by a network consisting of a series resistance and inductance with parallel capacitance and conductance.Ĥ R Resistive loss of the conductor (transmission line trace) RLCG type models are commonly used to approximate the distributed behavior of a transmission line.ģ RLCG Model for Single Transmission Line Transmission lines are distributed devices. Any physical structure that will guide an electromagnetic wave place to place. Transmission Line- In the microwave frequency region, power is considered to be in electric and magnetic fields that are guided from place to place by some physical structure. MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS 3.1 Understand the transmission line characteristics Formulate the transmission line equation Explain the input and characteristic of line impedance Explain the reflection and transmission losses Define Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).